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Introduction to IoT - Lecture 1 ​

Outline ​

What is IoT? ​

  • A world of interconnected things capable of sensing, actuating, and communicating among themselves and with the environment.
  • A system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, or people with unique identifiers (UIDs), transferring data over a network without human intervention.

Objectives of IoT ​

  • Connecting devices, appliances, and machines
  • Exchanging data and information
  • Sensing, processing, controlling, actuating, and monitoring
  • Providing services

Major Components of IoT ​

  1. Sensors: Collecting data
  2. Connectivity: Sending data to the cloud
  3. Data Processing: Making data useful
  4. User Interface: Delivering information to users

IoT Use Cases ​

  • Smart Wearables
  • Smart Home
  • Smart City
  • Smart Agriculture
  • Connected Cars
  • Healthcare
  • Industrial Automation
  • Smart Energy

IoT Enabling Technologies ​

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ​

  • Distributed devices with sensors monitoring environmental and physical conditions.
  • A network formed by multiple sensor nodes detecting light, heat, pressure, etc.
  • The coordinator collects data and acts as a gateway connecting WSN to the internet.

Examples of WSN Applications ​

  • Indoor Air Quality Monitoring
  • Weather Monitoring
  • Soil Moisture Monitoring
  • Surveillance Systems
  • Health Monitoring

Wireless Communication Protocols for WSN ​

  • IEEE 802.15.4: Low-power communication standard.
  • Zigbee: Popular protocol for WSN, based on IEEE 802.15.4.
    • Data rate: Up to 250 KBps
    • Range: Up to 100 meters

Cloud Computing & IoT ​

  • A scalable distributed computing model delivering infrastructure, platforms, and software as services.
  • Advantages:
    • Remote data access
    • Scalability
    • World-class service delivery
    • No hardware/software installation
    • Instant software updates

Cloud Deployment Models ​

  1. Private Cloud: Dedicated to a single organization.
  2. Public Cloud: Shared with the general public.
  3. Hybrid Cloud: Combination of private and public clouds.
  4. Community Cloud: Shared among organizations with similar interests.

Cloud Service Models ​

  • Software as a Service (SaaS): Hosted applications (e.g., Google Docs, Salesforce.com)
  • Platform as a Service (PaaS): Development platforms (e.g., Azure, Google App Engine)
  • Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): Computing resources (e.g., AWS, GoGrid)

Big Data & IoT ​

  • Large, complex datasets requiring specialized management and analytics techniques.

Big Data Analytics ​

  • Data Cleansing: Correcting, removing, replacing faulty data.
  • Data Wrangling: Converting data formats.
  • Data Processing & Visualization: Analyzing and presenting insights.

Big Data Characteristics (3Vs) ​

  1. Volume: Amount of generated data.
  2. Velocity: Speed of data generation.
  3. Variety: Different types of data (structured & unstructured).

Real-time/Fast Data Sources ​

  • Mobile devices (tracking objects)
  • Social media (user-generated data)
  • Scientific instruments (data collection)
  • Sensor networks (environmental monitoring)

Communication Protocols in IoT ​

  • Backbone of IoT systems
  • Define data exchange formats, encoding, addressing, and routing

Functions of Communication Protocols ​

  • Sequence control: Ordering data packets
  • Flow control: Managing transfer rate
  • Retransmission: Handling lost packets

Embedded Systems & IoT ​

  • A microcontroller-based, software-driven system designed for specific tasks.
  • Can be standalone or part of a larger system.

Embedded System Applications ​

  • Industrial Robots
  • GPS Receivers
  • Digital Cameras
  • Wireless Routers
  • Gaming Consoles
  • MP3 Players
  • Photocopiers
  • Microwave Ovens

Key Components ​

  • Microprocessor or Microcontroller
  • Memory (RAM, ROM, etc.)
  • Storage (Flash Memory)
  • Networking (Ethernet, WiFi)
  • I/O Units (Keyboard, Display, etc.)
  • Optional: DSP, Graphics Processor, Application-Specific Processor

IoT – Main Tasks ​

  • Monitoring: State information collection
  • Control: Sending commands remotely
  • Data Transfer: Storing and aggregating information
  • Data Analysis: Improving system efficiency
  • Decision Making: Human-assisted or autonomous

Characteristics of IoT ​

  1. Dynamic & Self-Adapting: Adjusts based on context.
  2. Self-Configuring: Devices work together automatically.
  3. Interoperability: Supports multiple communication protocols.
  4. Unique Identity: Each device has a unique identifier (e.g., IP address).
  5. Network Integration: Enables communication and data exchange.